After some weeks doing discussions, reading the book and learning about ethical theories, I have a better understanding of what philosophy is. This threefold shift in orientation was pioneered by the groups which have become known as the French philosophes and the Scottish moral philosophers. In the former perspective, the philosophical maxim of thinking identity and difference as one double concept, rather than as one concept opposed to another, is translated into sociological thinking as the need to think self and other as a relation, rather than as a subject and a context or object. In a broad sense, they go back to the ancient view of the friend as an ‘other self.’ And Theunissen (1977/1965) had already conceptualized self-other relations on the basis of an understanding of ‘the Other’ as referring to all ‘concepts through which philosophy interprets the presence and present of the fellow/co-human being (Mitmensch) or of the transcendental original form of this human being.’. 57 quotes have been tagged as philosophical-reflection: R.D. The material culture of science, ranging from the architecture of the spaces in which science is done (Rheinberger et al. This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. For historians of science, this program proved stimulating in at least three respects. Montesquieu's work is complex and covers varied disciplines and forms of discourse: literature, philosophy, aesthetic theory, political theory, and sociology. Among sociologists of science, the symmetry principle led to an increasingly distanced approach even to present science, to the point of adopting the ethnographer's estranged perspective (Latour and Woolgar [1979] 1986). …natural word in English, “reflection.” Some examples of reflection are perceiving, thinking, doubting, believing, reasoning, knowing, and willing. Why?’ The answers given most often were: different parents, different sex, different moral understanding. 762 Words 4 Pages. In Philosophy and the Historical Perspective. Philosophy. Third, it encouraged a broader exploration of the grounds for scientific conviction by enforcing a ‘symmetric’ treatment of reasons for embracing false as well as true beliefs. Embodiment has entered the history of science through several doors: the study of the interaction of experiment and craft traditions (Sibum 1995), the investigation of the scientific persona in historical context (Lawrence and Shapin 1998, Shortland and Yeo 1996), and the making visible of the role of women in science (Rossiter 1982, Rossiter 1995). Their work was developed in different directions during the last decades of the eighteenth and the first decades of the nineteenth century. G. Nunner-Winkler, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Thus, by applying probability theory to voting procedures and judicial decision making, mathematicians such as Condorcet and Laplace proposed a ‘social mathematics.’. 31, 34). It is imperative, moreover, to be aware that transformations such as these can be brought about only against the background of development theory and a transformational grammar appropriate to it, involving a constant process of critical arguments. Cavell proposes here a relation of the unattained and the attainable as constitutive for the self, that is, he makes the very question of attainability a central feature of a theory of selfhood. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1839, and reelected several times in his Valognes constituency, he committed himself resolutely to the parliamentary path on the side of the constitutional opposition. Locke’s classification of ideas…. His book Le Temple de Gnide (1725) is a rather ephemeral work including erotic fantasies. It closes with some cautionary remarks about how overlooking these two possibilities can lead to confusions about methodological individualism. The most recent developments in the history of science might be briefly described as materialized and embodied. Some examples of reflection are perceiving, thinking, doubting, believing, reasoning, knowing, and willing. In contrast to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who ruled out empirical and historical facts in his main philosophical work Du Contrat Social (1762) (‘Écartons tous les faits,’ ‘let us ignore all the facts’), Montesquieu's work is based, as the large collection of notes and material he made when writing L'Esprit des Loix show, on an impressive amount of research and source materials on the various societies, which he critically reviewed and connected with his own observations and reflections. In one particular formulation, Cavell's reflections provide an example for a thinking about selfhood that does not presuppose an idea of identity, coherence, or consistency (Cavell 1989, 1990). He is what he thought people of the world to be. ‘Whoever has only studied and seen France will understand nothing of the French Revolution.’ (1951–, Vol. If we ask about moral progress in sociological terms, the most popular answer would be that: during the last few centuries, humans have become more morally rational. Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, Jan Masschelein, and Nigel Blake, ‘‘Reflectivity, Reflection, and Counter-Education,’’ Studies in Philosophy and Education 20, no. 1st Jan 1970 Philosophy Reference this Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp 1. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In the context of a longitudinal study I asked 170 17-year-olds: ‘What would most make you a different person—different looks, parents, hobbies, grades, a different understanding of right and wrong; another nationality, sex; a lot of money? These are not themselves, however, instances of knowledge in the strict sense, but they provide the mind with the materials of knowledge.…, …of sensation and ideas of reflection, the thrust of his efforts and those of his empiricist followers was to reduce the latter to the former, to minimize the originative power of the mind in favour of its passive receptivity to the sensory impressions received from without. The three forms of governmental structure correspond to dominant values and mental reaction patterns, which influence both the behavior of the rulers and the thinking of the people: in the republic ‘virtue’ (‘vertu’), in the monarchy ‘honor’ (‘honneur’) and in despotism ‘fear’ (‘crainte’). Reflection Paper On My Philosophy Of Life. …of sensation and those of reflection. Philosophy means love of wisdom. The shift consisted partly in conscious attempts to bridge the gap between theory and practice, between philosophical reflection and the collection of facts about social life. D.C. Phillips, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. get custom paper. From the critical examination of extremely heterogeneous material on completely different societies, natural laws are derived concerning the interdependence of societal structure, form of government, and material and social factors. In both cases, a strong concept of self has been abandoned, in the one case on the basis of philosophical reflection, in the other, grounded on empirical observation. As noted at the start of this section, reflection is a universalproperty of matter, the mutual interaction of every particle inthe Universe with every, which other could be said to constitutethe "materiality" of the world. His political philosophy, despite his analytical distance, highly values those societies that seek a balance between the various interests of power and societal groups, and are able to create a structural equilibrium (‘équilibre’). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. II, 1, p. 94) It was therefore without being obsessed with one singular case, and being free of all aristocratic prejudice, that Alexis de Tocqueville set about penetrating the essence of democratic society; by combining ‘holism’ and ‘individualism,’ he posited a diagnosis along with a prognosis on modern society whose value and validity were only recognized much later. XII) relate what this ‘great battle waged in Paris’ was like. Once you are here, our guide will help to make the task simple and get a good mark. B. Valade, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. There are empirical findings that agree with these philosophical reflections. All of these lines of thought were further cultivated in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science (the three disciplines were drawn into intensive interaction in part through their differentiated reception of Kuhn's book) during the subsequent three decades, often with consequences that led in directions diverging markedly from those plotted in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Interactions among historians (e.g., Shapin and Schaffer 1985, Galison 1987, Gooding et al. Oser, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Thus, from ancient Greece, the names of such men as Herodotus, Plato, Thucydides, and Aristotle stand out. Rorty (1998) on the basis of the, The transition from the predisciplinary stage to the actual conception of sociology as an intellectual discipline in its own right occurred in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. After the Revolution of 1830, and having sworn—not without hesitation—the oath of allegiance to Louis-Philippe, he gave himself plenty of room as far as events were concerned by requesting a commission to conduct a survey into the American penitentiary system. In order to drive their point, Jay and Ryan appropriated Gabriel Marcel’s notion of philosophical reflection, which is deeply personal and is intimately anchored on day-to-day existence. It has been proved that ideas from over 600 works can be found in his most important book. In 1827, he was appointed to the judiciary and became a probationary judge at Versailles. This is a doubt that in large part revolves around the difficulty of defining the sine qua non of scientific knowledge, if it has one. Whereas their predecessors practiced anachronism openly and with conviction, on the view that past science must be understood by the lights of present science, most historians of science now writing insist upon some attempt to reconstruct the conceptual and cultural categories of historical actors. As ‘esprit général’ Montesquieu understands the collective patterns of thought and behavior of a community, which is in it influenced by geographical and historical factors. Teaching Philosophy Reflection Paper 2216 Words 9 Pages According to my understanding, education is the goal of life and teaching is a task that looks simple from the inside but which is … Yet in this still somewhat undisciplined discipline, the reward of permeable boundaries has been a rare dialogue, ongoing and sometimes heated, among the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Free A Reflection on Philosophy Essay Sample Even though it is considered as one of the oldest sciences or fields of human knowledge and practices, philosophy just like many other areas of disciplines still torments its believers as to what really it means. My philosophy of teaching can be portrayed as a philosophy of learning. My philosophy of education Introduction In this paper I am going to write about my philosophy of education which reflects my own vision and it is slightly inspired by educational philosophies and schools of thoughts which I relate to the most. My Reflection Of My Philosophy Of Education 1331 Words | 6 Pages. Henry Flynt. Throughout the Restoration, he took part in the bitter struggle which set the old aristocracy, enclosed in its traditions, against the new France, led by the middle classes. It is mapping out our way towards meaningful and significant existence. Regarding the former, Hume said little more than that sensation “arises in the soul originally from unknown causes.” Impressions of reflection arise from a complicated series of mental operations. Individuals tend to realize that caring for specific ideals is constitutive of their own identity. In contrast, his essay Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur et la décadence des Romains (1734) and his article Esthéthique du Goût, which he wrote for the Encyclopédie (1751, published 1756) of Diderot and d'Alembert, bear relation to his historical-philosophical and sociological reflections. 1996. Philosophical reflection upon education can be traced back to Plato's Meno and Republic; the work of many mainstream philosophers since has educational relevance, but specific reference to education has been sporadic. Some individual contributors to these traditions have gained great renown in their own cultures. The French political scientist and sociologist Raymond Aron interprets the contradictions and ambivalence of L'Esprit des Loix as a result of a profound transition period of European thought, at the center of which is Montesquieu's work, in his book Les Etapes de la Pensée Sociologique (1967), the first chapter of which is on Montesquieu. The rise of philosophy of education as a distinct specialization is a product of the twentieth century, and most practitioners are located in colleges of education; while their work draws upon the main branches of philosophy, it also reflects the influence of major cultural and educational trends. If we apply this idea to the educational and developmental field it could mean that moral educational progress also develops through the development of moral feelings; through story telling and possibilities to put oneself in the shoes of others. Philosophy is a reflective activity that invites students to make explicit their fundamental assumptions and beliefs. Reflection (physics), a common wave phenomenon Specular reflection, reflection from a smooth surface . REFLECTION IN PHILOSOPHY Name: Guadamor, Jhoan Mae I. Histories of supposedly transhistorical entities such as experience (Dear 1995), truth (Shapin 1994), and objectivity (Daston and Galison 1992, Porter 1995) make use of the tools of science in context to anchor these Kantian abstractions in specific historical circumstances; they are also at least indirectly indebted to the remarkable studies of Georges Canguilhem (Canguilhem [1943] 1966) and, especially, Michel Foucault (Foucault 1969) that challenged the universality and permanence of fundamental modern categories like normalcy and sexuality. self-reflection definition: 1. the activity of thinking about your own feelings and behaviour, and the reasons that may lie…. Although a particularatom of iron on the surface of Mars interacts gravitationallywith a particular atom of nitrogen in the atmosphere of Earth,this interaction is quite trivial in itself, even if the collectiveof such interactions is detectable with astronomical instrum… One concerns the traditional problem about personal identity. On the one hand, the notion of a ‘decentering of the subject’ has been proposed mainly from poststructuralist discussions. Although scientific practices may embrace everything from a knack for integrating equations to the deft adjustment of finicky instruments, studies of experiment have taken on an exemplary character in this branch of the field. Given the profusion of topics and approaches in the history of science, it is understandable that one historian might wonder ‘whether the history of science is a coherent discipline or just a collection of scholars aggregated by the accidents of history and the accretion of a common historiography’ (Rosenberg 1988, p. 570). Moreover, this cannot stop me from achieving my desire to practice my chosen profession. He cautions against ‘any fixed, metaphysical interpretation of the idea of a self’ and against the idea of ‘a noumenal self as one's “true self” and of this entity as having desires and requiring expression.’ In contrast, Cavell suggests that the ‘idea of the self must be such that it can contain, let us say, an intuition of partial compliance with its idea of itself, hence of distance from itself’ or, in other words, he advocates the idea of ‘the unattained but attainable self’ (Cavell, 1990, pp. There are two related ways in which philosophical reflection on the self may usefully be brought to bear in social science. Only I can do that.’ (Haste 1993, p. 339) The sense of uniqueness is not dependent on ‘difference,’ on singular contents; rather, it is dependent on personal commitment. Since the Middle Ages, there was, on the one hand, a strong tradition of philosophizing about human social life, mainly in theological and moral-legal terms, and, on the other hand, an increasingly strong tradition of collecting facts, most often related to state matters and focused on knowledge of the population and its resources, both at home and abroad (as reported by explorers and travellers). Both the ideas of a ‘decentring’ and of a ‘postmodern self’ question some major implications of the more standard sociological view of selfhood, namely the existence of the human self as a unit and its persistence as the ‘same’ self over time. Reflections on My Teaching Philosophy. This deliberate refusal to adopt the perspective of present science in the investigation of past knowledge went under the name of ‘anti-Whiggery’ among historians of science (in allusion to Herbert Butterfield's critique of ‘Whig’ political history). According to Jay and Ryan, philosophical reflection is one of the important skills that one needs in doing philosophy. In the beginning, I took this class because I thought it would be pretty easy. And yet we can list many names of people who may, arguably, be regarded as predecessors, ‘protosociologists’: people who reflected about social phenomena, collected data about social life, or tried to find patterns in human history. This essay was published in Blueprint for a Higher Civilization along with the rest of my early philosophy. The importance of of its comments in my syllabus should be obvious. In contrast, by committing themselves to something they deem worthy and important, the Civil Rights Movement, the Young Radicals (Keniston 1968) increasingly came to develop a sense of uniqueness. The introduction of interaction and intersubjectivity in self-formation has created intermediate theoretical positions, and, possibly more importantly, they have allowed different accentuations of selfhood without making positions mutually incompatible. pp. In making use of these data in the present context I do not, however, wish to imply that the ideals constitutive for identity need to be moral ones. 20 examples: In deconstructing the cult of immanence and empirical positivism in… Thomas S. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn [1962] 1970) broke decisively with this historiography, and stimulated new trends (not all to Kuhn's liking) in the history, sociology, and philosophy of science that have transformed the understanding of science and its growth in these fields since 1970. Progress and Historical Reflection in Philosophy. Reflection on Philosophy The cognitive constructivist learning theory is most aligned with my teaching philosophy and how I see myself as an instructor. Montesquieu's novel became a much-imitated form of societal criticism, which confronts western and non-European societal forms and points of view with one another, and simultaneously applies a radical criticism to the governmental and social structures of absolutist France on the basis of enlightened reason (‘raison’). This involves the weighing of several alternatives and using specific standards to evaluate one’s actions. Nunner-Winkler 2000a, 2000b). Experiment and scientific practices more generally have emerged as autonomous forms of knowledge, no longer subsidiary to and in lockstep with theory, that depend crucially on local factors (including skill, material culture, values) that travel only with difficulty. This essay is reflection about my understanding from what I have learned during this class, took! 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